Spreadsheets have been used by accountants for hundreds of years. Computerized or electronic spreadsheets are of much more recent origin. Information Systems oral history and some published newspaper and magazine stories celebrate Dan Bricklin as the 'father' of the electronic spreadsheet. In 1978, Harvard Business School student, Daniel Bricklin, came up with the idea for an interactive visible calculator (see email from Frankston, 4/15/1999a). Bricklin and Bob Frankston then co-invented or co-created the software program VisiCalc. We can look back and recognize that VisiCalc was the first 'killer' application for personal computers.
l-r Dan Bricklin and Bob Frankston approx. 1980
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What is a spreadsheet?
In the realm of accounting jargon a 'spread sheet' or spreadsheet was and is a large sheet of paper with columns and rows that organizes data about transactions for a business person to examine. It spreads or shows all of the costs, income, taxes, and other related data on a single sheet of paper for a manager to examine when making a decision.
An electronic spreadsheet organizes information into software defined columns and rows. The data can then be 'added up' by a formula to give a total or sum. Directv now watch online. The spreadsheet program summarizes information from many paper sources in one place and presents the information in a format to help a decision maker see the financial 'big picture' for the company.
Beginnings and the 'Tale of VisiCalc'
In 1961, Professor Richard Mattessich pioneered the development of computerized speadsheets for use in business accounting. Some historical information on the computerization of accounting spread sheets using mainframe computers is discussed on Mattessich's web page 'Spreadsheet: Its First Computerization (1961-1964)'. Rene Pardo and Remy Landau co-invented 'LANPAR' LANguage for Programming Arrays at Random in 1969. This electronic spreadsheet type application was used for budgeting at Bell Canada, AT&T, Bell operating companies, and General Motors. They received a US patent (no. 4,398,249) for LANPAR in August 1982 after 12 years of litigation. Mattessich, Pardoe and Landau's work and that of other developers of spreadsheets on mainframe computers probably had no influence on Bricklin and Frankston. Therefore, a history of the modern era of microcomputer-based electronic spreadsheets should begin with the 'Tale of VisiCalc'.
The tale of VisiCalc is part myth and part fact for most of us. The story is that Dan Bricklin was preparing a spread sheet analysis for a Harvard Business School 'case study' report and had two alternatives: 1) do it by hand or 2) use a clumsy time-sharing mainframe program. Bricklin thought there must be a better way. He wanted a program where people could visualize the spreadsheet as they created it. His metaphor was 'an electronic blackboard and electronic chalk in a classroom.'
By the fall of 1978, Bricklin had programmed the first working prototype of his concept in integer basic. The program helped users input and manipulate a matrix of five columns and 20 rows. The first version was not very 'powerful' so Bricklin recruited an MIT acquaintance Bob Frankston to improve and expand the program. Bricklin calls Frankston the 'co-creator' of the electronic spreadsheet. Frankston created the production code with faster speed, better arithmetic, and scrolling. He also expanded the program and 'packed the code into a mere 20k of machine memory, making it both powerful and practical enough to be run on a microcomputer'. For more details check Dan Bricklin's email from May 12, 1999.
During the fall of 1978, Daniel Fylstra, founding Associate Editor of Byte Magazine, joined Bricklin and Frankston in developing VisiCalc. Fylstra was also an MIT/HBS graduate. Fylstra was 'marketing-oriented' and suggested that the product would be viable if it could run on an Apple micro-computer. Bricklin and Frankston formed Software Arts Corporation on January 2, 1979. In May 1979, Fylstra and his firm Personal Software (later renamed VisiCorp) began marketing 'VisiCalc' with a teaser ad in Byte Magazine. Ipad emulator for android tablet. The name 'VisiCalc' is a compressed form of the phrase 'visible calculator' (see email from Frankston, 4/15/1999b).
VisiCalc became an almost instant success and provided many business people with an incentive to purchase a personal computer or an H-P 85 or 87 calculator from Hewlett-Packard (cf., Jim Ho, 1999). About 1 million copies of the spreadsheet program were sold during VisiCalc's product lifetime. Dan Bricklin has his version of the history of Software Arts and VisiCalc on the web at www.bricklin.com/history/sai.htm. Bricklin includes early ads and reviews and pictures of the VisiCalc packaging and screenshots.
What came after VisiCalc?
The market for electronic spreadsheet software was growing rapidly in the early 1980s and VisiCalc stakeholders were slow to respond to the introduction of the IBM PC that used an Intel computer chip. Beginning in September 1983, legal conflicts between VisiCorp and Software Arts distracted the VisiCalc developers, Bricklin and Frankston. During this period, Mitch Kapor developed Lotus and his spreadsheet program quickly became the new industry spreadsheet standard.
What is Lotus 1-2-3?
Lotus 1-2-3 made it easier to use spreadsheets and it added integrated charting, plotting and database capabilities. Lotus 1-2-3 established spreadsheet software as a major data presentation package as well as a complex calculation tool. Lotus was also the first spreadsheet vendor to introduce naming cells, cell ranges and spreadsheet macros. Kapor was the VisiCalc product manager at Personal Software for about six months in 1980; he also designed and programmed Visiplot/Visitrend which he sold to Personal Software (VisiCorp)for $1 million. Part of that money along with funds from venture capitalist Ben Rosen were used to start Lotus Development Corporation in 1982. Kapor cofounded Lotus Development Corporation with Jonathan Sachs. Before he cofounded Lotus, Kapor disclosed and offered Personal Software (VisiCorp) his initial Lotus program. Supposedly VisiCorp executives declined the offer because Lotus 1-2-3's functionality was 'too limited'. Lotus 1-2-3 is still one of the all-time best selling application software packages in the world (see email from Mitch Kapor, 04/15/1999).
Kapor served as the President and Chief Executive Officer of Lotus from 1982 to 1986 and as a Director until 1987. In 1983, Lotus' first year of operations, the company reported revenues of $53 Million and had a successful public offering. In 1984, Lotus tripled in revenue to $156 Million. The number of employees at Lotus grew to over a thousand by 1985. This rapid growth led to a shakeout in the spreadsheet segment of the personal computer software industry.
In 1985, Lotus Development acquired Software Arts and discontinued the VisiCalc program. A Lotus spokeperson indicated at that time that '1-2-3 and Symphony are much better products so Visicalc is no longer necessary.'
What about Microsoft Excel and Bill Gates?
The next milestone was the Microsoft Excel spreadsheet. Excel was originally written for the 512K Apple Macintosh in 1984-1985. Excel was one of the first spreadsheets to use a graphical interface with pull down menus and a point and click capability using a mouse pointing device. The Excel spreadsheet with a graphical user interface was easier for most people to use than the command line interface of PC-DOS spreadsheet products. Many people bought Apple Macintoshes so that they could use Bill Gates' Excel spreadsheet program. There is some controversy about whether a graphical version of Microsoft Excel was released in a DOS version. Microsoft documents show the launch of Excel 2.0 for MS-DOS version 3.0 on 10/31/87.
When Microsoft launched the Windows operating system in 1987, Excel was one of the first application products released for it. When Windows finally gained wide acceptance with Version 3.0 in late 1989 Excel was Microsoft's flagship product. For nearly 3 years, Excel remained the only Windows spreadsheet program and it has only received competition from other spreadsheet products since the summer of 1992.
By the late 1980s many companies had introduced spreadsheet products. Spreadsheet products and the spreadsheet software industry were maturing. Microsoft and Bill Gates had joined the fray with the innovative Excel spreadsheet. Lotus had acquired Software Arts and the rights to VisiCalc. Jim Manzi had become CEO at Lotus in April 1986 and in July 1986 Mitch Kapor resigned as Chairman of the Board. The spreadsheet entrepreneurs were moving on ..
Legal Battles
In January of 1987, Lotus Development filed suit against Paperback Software and separately against Mosaic Software claiming they had infinged on the Lotus 1-2-3 spreadsheet software. In a related matter, Software Arts, the developerof the original VisiCalc spreadsheet software filed a separate action against Lotus claiming that Lotus 1-2-3 was an infringement of VisiCalc. Briefly, Lotus won the legal battles, but lost the 'market share war' to Microsoft. According to Russo and Nafziger (1993) 'The Court granted Lotus' motion dismissing the Software Arts' action and confirming that Lotus had acquired all rights, including all claims, as part of the earlier transaction.'
Most people have probably forgotten the Lotus clones, TWIN and VP Planner. Twin was designed to work like Lotus' 1-2-3 and advertising proclaimed it 'offers you so much more, for so muchless.' Paperback Software published a spreadsheet software product called VP Planner.
Russo and Nafziger note 'Both Mosaic's TWIN and Paperback's VP Planner had most of the same features, commands, macro language, syntax, organization and sequence of menus and messages as Lotus' 1-2-3. Their visual displays were not however identical to 1-2-3 or to each other. Both TWIN and VPPlanner reorganized and placed their respective menus, sub-menus, prompts and messages on the bottom of the screen.'
On June 28, 1990, Judge Keeton of the Federal District Court in Boston upheld the copyright of the Lotus 1-2-3 user interface. The Court ruled that '[t]his particular expression of a menu structure is not essential to theelectronic spreadsheet idea, nor does it merge with the somewhat less abstract idea of a menu structure for an electronic spreadsheet..the overall structure, the order of commands in each menu line, the choice of letters, words, or 'symbolic tokens' to represent each command, the presentation of these symbolic tokens on the screen, the type of menu system used, and the long prompts -- could be expressed in a great many if not literally unlimited number of ways.' Lotus Dev. Corp. v. Paperback Software Int'l, 740 F.Supp. 37, 67 (D.Mass. 1990).
What about recent history?
In the late spring of 1995, IBM acquired Lotus Development and Microsoft Excel is the spreadsheet market leader.
In October 2003, Dan Bricklin is working at Interland, Inc. at interland.com and he is maintaining an interesting Web Site at URL www.bricklin.com. Dan has VisiCalc at his site. Lotus gave him permission to post a working copy of the 1981 IBM PC version of the VisiCalc spreadsheet program on his web site. You can download it and run it on a PC using MSDOS in Windows 95 or 98.
Bob Frankston is 'pursuing a number of projects ..' at www.frankston.com.
According to a Red Herring Profile, Mitch Kapor 'gradually traded in his position as an entrepreneur searching for the next big technology idea for the long-term advisory role of angel investor'. In January, 1999, Mitch Kapor joined Accel Partners, a venture capital firm based in Palo Alto, California (URL http://www.accel.com/). Mitch's web site is Kapor Enterprises, Inc. at http://www.kei.com/.
Currently, Dan Fylstra is president of PC software vendor Frontline Systems, Inc. at www.frontsys.com. Frontline Systems Inc. is a developer of spreadsheet solver add-ins for Excel, Lotus 123 and other spreadsheet programs. A solver add-in can be used for both equation-solving (often called goalseeking) and for constrained optimization using linear programming, nonlinear programming, and integer programming methods.
Professor Richard Mattessich is retired and an emeritus Professor of Commerce and Business Administration at the University of British Columbia (email: richard.mattessich@commerce.ubc.ca).
The Excel Modular Scaffold story begins in 1992 when Founder, Joe Williams saw the need to improve upon system scaffolds that were in use at the time. A lag in significant advancements in the scaffold industry compelled Williams to call upon his years of experience and expertise—and thus the Excel Modular Scaffold system was created.
Because in the scaffold industry time = money, Williams invented the perfect system to increase productivity, while raising the standards for safety with system scaffolding.
Williams designed a system with a node spacing every 5.75 inches, so that decks could be placed vertically at these intervals and eliminate the need for tube and clamp modifications or alterations to a standard scaffold. This node spacing also allows the Excel system to meet both OSHA and Cal/OSHA handrail standards without any modifications necessary.
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Williams was also able to reduce the number of repetitive actions with the locking trigger mechanism of the Excel system, which allows a horizontal bar to lock onto the two nodes of vertical post without any tools being required. He streamlined the system and the racks used to transport and hold the system, so that the horizontal bars had a precision fit, which reduced clutter and housekeeping issues, all while increasing productivity of managing a scaffold yard.
These items alone would allow for a significant savings for Excel customers, but Williams wasn't finished there. He also designed the system to be stronger with double the weight load capacity of most systems, while maintaining a per piece weight that is comparable to other systems. Excel is one of the few systems in which the manufacturer has certified the system as an anchorage point to most of its horizontal bars.
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Williams designed and patented specialty pieces to assist with stairwells, trolley systems, roof adaptors, yo-yo adaptors and many other accessories that allow for unparalleled diversity.
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Today, Excel and its related companies hold 21 active patents. The Excel system continues to evolve with additional accessories designed constantly to meet the demands of its customers.
